Small Claims

What is small claims court?

Small claims court is a simplified court designed for resolving disputes involving relatively small amounts of money. The procedures are informal, lawyers are often not required (and sometimes not allowed), and cases are decided quickly — usually in a single hearing.

The dollar limit varies by state, typically ranging from $2,500 to $25,000.

Common types of cases

• Unpaid debts or loans
• Security deposit disputes
• Property damage
• Breach of contract (services not performed, defective goods)
• Vehicle accident damage (minor)
• Disputes with contractors or service providers

Filing a claim (plaintiff)

If someone owes you money or damaged your property:

1. Try to resolve the dispute directly first — courts may ask if you attempted settlement.
2. Identify the correct defendant — use the person's or business's legal name.
3. File the claim at the courthouse and pay the filing fee (usually $30–$100).
4. Serve the defendant — they must be officially notified of the lawsuit.
5. Prepare your evidence — contracts, receipts, photos, text messages, and witnesses.

Defending against a claim (defendant)

If someone files a claim against you:

1. Do not ignore the claim — if you don't show up, the judge will likely rule against you (default judgment).
2. File a response by the deadline if your court requires one.
3. Gather your own evidence — anything that supports your side of the story.
4. Consider filing a counterclaim if the plaintiff owes you money.
5. Be prepared to explain your position clearly and calmly at the hearing.

At the hearing

• Arrive early, dress respectfully, and bring all your documents and evidence.
• Each side tells their story to the judge — keep it brief and factual.
• The judge may ask questions. Answer honestly.
• Present evidence in an organized way (chronological order works well).
• Be respectful to the other party, even if you disagree.

After the judgment

• If you win — The court issues a judgment in your favor, but you may still need to collect the money. Options include wage garnishment, bank levies, or property liens.
• If you lose — You may be able to appeal, depending on your state's rules. There is usually a short deadline to file an appeal.
• Payment plans — Courts sometimes allow the losing party to pay in installments.

Tips for both sides

• Organize your evidence before the hearing — make copies for the judge and the other party.
• Practice explaining your case in 2–3 minutes.
• Stick to the facts — avoid emotional arguments.
• Consider settling before the hearing — a negotiated agreement can save time and uncertainty.
• Check your court's website for specific local rules and forms.